Parts of speech

TERMS

Parts of Speech

1.      Noun: a word that names a person, place, thing, quality, or idea (examples: Maggie,Alabama, clarinet, satisfaction, socialism).

2.      Pronoun: a word used in place of a noun (examples: he, she, they, ours, somebody).See “Types of Pronouns” below.

3.      Verb: a word or group of words indicating the action or state of being of a subject(examples: jump, hop, skip, run, is, are, were, will be, will have been).

4.      Preposition: a word that starts a prepositional phrase. In the following examples of     prepositional phrases, the first word is a preposition: around the house, under the car, in

the back, through the roof, etc.

5.      Article: the words a, an, and the.

6.      Adjective: a word used to modify a noun (example: the red wagon) or pronoun(example: ordinary one).

7.      Adverb: a word used to modify a verb (warmly greet), an adjective (only three people),or another adverb (quite seriously damaged).

8.      Conjunction: a word that links parts of a sentence to each other. (See “coordinating

conjunction,” “subordinating conjunction,” and “correlative conjunction” under “Types of Conjunctions, Transitional Words, and Transitional Phrases” below.

Sentence Structure Terms

1.      Phrase:

A phrase is a group of words that lacks a subject, a complete verb, or both.

Examples:

In the dark

Finding the answer

2.      Clause:

A clause is a group of related words with both a subject and a predicate (verb).

3.      Independent Clause:

An independent clause (also called a main clause) is a group of words that has a subject and a verb and does not start with a subordinating conjunction 

Example: I ate raspberries.

4.      Dependent Clause:

A dependent clause (also called a subordinate clause) is a group of words that has a subject and a verb and starts with a subordinating conjunction. A dependent

clause cannot stand alone as a sentence.

Example: After I ate raspberries

Types of Sentences

1.      Simple Sentence:

A simple sentence consists of one independent clause.

Example: I ate raspberries.

2.      Compound Sentence:

A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses separated by a

comma and a coordinating conjunction or by a semicolon.

Example: I ate raspberries, and I developed a rash.

Example: I ate raspberries; I developed a rash.

3.      Complex Sentence:

A complex sentence consists of at least one dependent clause and one independent

clause.

Example: Because I ate raspberries, I developed a rash.

4.      Compound-complex Sentence:

A compound-complex sentence consists of at least two independent clauses and

one or more dependent clauses.

Example: Although I am allergic to raspberries, I ate them, so I developed a rash.

Types of Pronouns

1.      Indefinite Pronouns: 

Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a definite person, place, object, idea, or           emotion. Most indefinite pronouns are singular, so they require a third-person

singular verb. A pronoun that refers to an indefinite pronoun that is singular is

also singular.

Common Indefinite Pronouns

Always Singular

-one words -body words

anyone anybody

everyone everybody

no one nobody

one somebody

someone

-thing words other words

anything each

everything either

nothing neither

something much

Always Plural

both many

few several

Singular or Plural

all most

any none

more some

Miscellaneous Terms

1.      Antecedent

An antecedent is the noun or pronoun to which a pronoun refers.

Example:

My cat hid under the bed when she had her kittens. (Cat is the antecedent

of she; she is the antecedent of her.)

2.      Modifier:

A modifier is a word that “describes” another word. It may be a single word or a

phrase.

Examples:

I ate some delicious raspberries.

I ate some raspberries in the park.

I ate some raspberries that were really delicious.

Participle and participial phrase:

A participle is a form of a verb which is used as an adjective (descriptive word) or

is part of a verb phrase. A participle cannot function alone as a main verb of a sentence

or a clause. Verbs have two participles: present and past. The present participle ends in

–ing. (loving, helping). The past participle of most verbs ends in –d, or -ed (loved,

helped). The past participle of irregular verbs has different patterns (taken, been, ridden).

Examples:

Looking out the window, the smiling child waved to her mother.

The excited woman clutched her winning lottery ticket.

Caught in the act, the burglar surrendered to the police.

Predicate:

A predicate is the part of the sentence or clause, including the verb, that explains

what the subject is or does.

Types of Conjunctions, Transitional Words and Transitional Phrases

Subordinating Conjunction:

                       A subordinating conjunction is a word that begins a dependent (subordinate)

clause.

Common Subordinating Conjunctions

after even if since when

although even though so whenever

as how so that where

as if if than wherever

as soon as in order that that while

because provided that unless why

before rather than until

Coordinating Conjunction:

A coordinating conjunction connects words or word groups of the same kind:

nouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, phrases, clauses, or whole sentences.

There are seven coordinating conjunctions. You can use the acronym FANBOYS

to remember them.

For

And

Nor

But

Or

Yet

So

Conjunctive Adverb:

A conjunctive adverb is a transitional word or phrase that begins a sentence. It is

part of the sentence it begins. Conjunctive adverbs are not conjunctions: they are

adverbs. Conjunctive adverbs show relationships such as addition, cause and

effect, comparison, contrast, emphasis, or time.

Common Conjunctive Adverbs

addition cause or effect comparison or contrast

also accordingly however

besides as a result in comparison

further consequently in contrast

in addition therefore instead

incidentally thus likewise

moreover nevertheless

nonetheless

otherwise

emphasis time similarly

certainly finally

indeed meanwhile

in fact next

still now

undoubtedly then

Correlative Conjunction:

A correlative conjunction is a two-part conjunction.

Common Correlative Conjunctions

as…as just as…so not only…but also

                       both…and neither…nor whether…or