TERMS
Parts of Speech
1.
Noun: a word that names a person, place,
thing, quality, or idea (examples: Maggie,Alabama, clarinet,
satisfaction, socialism).
2.
Pronoun: a word used in place of a noun
(examples: he, she, they, ours, somebody).See “Types of Pronouns” below.
3.
Verb: a word or group of words indicating the
action or state of being of a subject(examples: jump, hop, skip,
run, is, are, were, will be, will have
been).
4.
Preposition: a word that starts a prepositional
phrase. In the following examples of prepositional
phrases, the first word is a preposition: around the house, under the
car, in
the back, through the
roof, etc.
5. Article: the words a,
an, and the.
6. Adjective: a word used to
modify a noun (example: the red wagon) or pronoun(example: ordinary one).
7.
Adverb: a word used to modify a verb (warmly
greet), an adjective (only three people),or another adverb (quite seriously
damaged).
8.
Conjunction: a word that
links parts of a sentence to each other. (See “coordinating
conjunction,”
“subordinating conjunction,” and “correlative conjunction” under “Types of Conjunctions, Transitional Words, and
Transitional Phrases” below.
Sentence
Structure Terms
1.
Phrase:
A phrase is a group of words that lacks
a subject, a complete verb, or both.
Examples:
In the dark
Finding the answer
2.
Clause:
A clause is a group of related words
with both a subject and a predicate (verb).
3.
Independent Clause:
An independent clause (also called a
main clause) is a group of words that has a subject and a verb and does not start
with a subordinating conjunction
Example: I ate raspberries.
4.
Dependent Clause:
A dependent clause (also called a
subordinate clause) is a group of words that has a subject and a verb and starts with a
subordinating conjunction. A dependent
clause cannot stand alone as a sentence.
Example: After I ate raspberries
Types
of Sentences
1.
Simple Sentence:
A simple sentence consists of one
independent clause.
Example: I ate raspberries.
2.
Compound Sentence:
A compound sentence consists of two or
more independent clauses separated by a
comma and a coordinating conjunction or
by a semicolon.
Example: I ate raspberries, and I
developed a rash.
Example: I ate raspberries; I developed
a rash.
3.
Complex Sentence:
A complex sentence consists of at least
one dependent clause and one independent
clause.
Example: Because I ate raspberries, I
developed a rash.
4.
Compound-complex Sentence:
A compound-complex sentence consists of
at least two independent clauses and
one or more dependent clauses.
Example: Although I am allergic to
raspberries, I ate them, so I developed a rash.
Types
of Pronouns
1.
Indefinite Pronouns:
Indefinite pronouns do not refer to a
definite person, place, object, idea, or emotion. Most indefinite pronouns are
singular, so they require a third-person
singular verb. A pronoun that refers to
an indefinite pronoun that is singular is
also singular.
Common Indefinite Pronouns
Always Singular
-one words -body words
anyone anybody
everyone
everybody
no
one nobody
one
somebody
someone
-thing
words
other words
anything
each
everything
either
nothing
neither
something
much
Always
Plural
both
many
few
several
Singular
or Plural
all
most
any
none
more some
Miscellaneous
Terms
1.
Antecedent
An antecedent is the noun or pronoun to
which a pronoun refers.
Example:
My cat hid under the bed when she
had her kittens. (Cat is the antecedent
of she; she is the
antecedent of her.)
2.
Modifier:
A modifier is a word that “describes”
another word. It may be a single word or a
phrase.
Examples:
I ate some delicious raspberries.
I
ate some raspberries in the park.
I
ate some raspberries that were really delicious.
Participle
and participial phrase:
A participle is a form of a verb which
is used as an adjective (descriptive word) or
is
part of a verb phrase. A participle cannot function alone as a main verb of a
sentence
or
a clause. Verbs have two participles: present and past. The present participle
ends in
–ing. (loving, helping). The
past participle of most verbs ends in –d, or -ed (loved,
helped). The past
participle of irregular verbs has different patterns (taken, been, ridden).
Examples:
Looking
out
the window, the smiling child waved to her mother.
The
excited woman clutched her winning lottery ticket.
Caught
in
the act, the burglar surrendered to the police.
Predicate:
A
predicate is the part of the sentence or clause, including the verb, that
explains
what
the subject is or does.
Types
of Conjunctions, Transitional Words and Transitional Phrases
Subordinating
Conjunction:
A subordinating conjunction is a word
that begins a dependent (subordinate)
clause.
Common Subordinating Conjunctions
after even if since when
although even though so whenever
as how so that where
as if if than wherever
as soon as in order that that while
because
provided that unless why
before
rather than until
Coordinating
Conjunction:
A
coordinating conjunction connects words or word groups of the same kind:
nouns,
verbs, adverbs, adjectives, phrases, clauses, or whole sentences.
There
are seven coordinating conjunctions. You can use the acronym FANBOYS
to
remember them.
For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Conjunctive
Adverb:
A
conjunctive adverb is a transitional word or phrase that begins a sentence. It
is
part
of the sentence it begins. Conjunctive adverbs are not conjunctions:
they are
adverbs.
Conjunctive adverbs show relationships such as addition, cause and
effect,
comparison, contrast, emphasis, or time.
Common
Conjunctive Adverbs
addition
cause or effect comparison or contrast
also
accordingly however
besides
as a result in comparison
further
consequently in contrast
in
addition therefore instead
incidentally
thus likewise
moreover
nevertheless
nonetheless
otherwise
emphasis
time similarly
certainly
finally
indeed
meanwhile
in
fact next
still
now
undoubtedly
then
Correlative
Conjunction:
A
correlative conjunction is a two-part conjunction.
Common
Correlative Conjunctions
as…as
just as…so not only…but also
both…and neither…nor
whether…or
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